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Andrew Jeremy Wakefield (born 1957) is a British former surgeon and medical researcher, known for his fraudulent 1998 research paper in support of the now-discredited claim that there was a link between the administration of the measles, mumps and rubella (MMR) vaccine, and the appearance of autism and bowel disease.〔〔〔 After the publication of the paper, other researchers were unable to reproduce Wakefield's findings or confirm his hypothesis of an association between the MMR vaccine and autism, or autism and gastrointestinal disease. A 2004 investigation by ''Sunday Times'' reporter Brian Deer identified undisclosed financial conflicts of interest on Wakefield's part, and most of his co-authors then withdrew their support for the study's interpretations. The British General Medical Council (GMC) conducted an inquiry into allegations of misconduct against Wakefield and two former colleagues. The investigation centred on Deer's numerous findings, including that children with autism were subjected to unnecessary invasive medical procedures such as colonoscopies and lumbar punctures, and that Wakefield acted without the required ethical approval from an institutional review board. On 28 January 2010, a five-member statutory tribunal of the GMC found three dozen charges proved, including four counts of dishonesty and 12 counts involving the abuse of developmentally challenged children. The panel ruled that Wakefield had "failed in his duties as a responsible consultant", acted both against the interests of his patients, and "dishonestly and irresponsibly" in his published research. ''The Lancet'' fully retracted the 1998 publication on the basis of the GMC's findings, noting that elements of the manuscript had been falsified. ''The Lancet's'' editor-in-chief Richard Horton said the paper was "utterly false" and that the journal had been "deceived". Three months following ''The Lancet's'' retraction, Wakefield was struck off the UK medical register, with a statement identifying deliberate falsification in the research published in ''The Lancet'', and was barred from practising medicine in the UK. In January 2011, an editorial accompanying an article by Brian Deer in ''BMJ'' identified Wakefield's work as an "elaborate fraud". In a follow-up article,〔 Deer said that Wakefield had planned to launch a venture on the back of an MMR vaccination scare that would profit from new medical tests and "litigation driven testing".〔 In November 2011, yet another report in ''BMJ'' revealed original raw data indicating that, contrary to Wakefield's claims in ''The Lancet'', children in his research did not have inflammatory bowel disease. Wakefield's study and his claim that the MMR vaccine might cause autism led to a decline in vaccination rates in the United States, United Kingdom and Ireland and a corresponding rise in measles and mumps, resulting in serious illness and deaths, and his continued warnings against the vaccine have contributed to a climate of distrust of all vaccines and the reemergence of other previously controlled diseases.〔 Wakefield has continued to defend his research and conclusions, saying there was no fraud, hoax or profit motive.〔 As recently as February 2015, he publicly repeated his denials and refused to back down from his assertions,〔Ziv S. Andrew Wakefield, Father of the Anti-Vaccine Movement, Responds to the Current Measles Outbreak for the First Time. (''Newsweek'' magazine, February 10, 2015 ). Retrieved 17 February 2015.〕 even though—as stated by a British Administrative Court Justice in a related decision—"there is now no respectable body of opinion which supports (Wakefield's ) hypothesis, that MMR vaccine and autism/enterocolitis are causally linked."〔(Walker-Smith v General Medical Council [2012] EWHC 503 (Admin) (07 March 2012) ). Retrieved 17 February 2015.〕 == Early life and education == Wakefield was born in 1957;〔 his father was a neurologist and his mother was a general practitioner.〔 After leaving the independent King Edward's School, Bath, Wakefield studied medicine at St Mary's Hospital Medical School (now Imperial College School of Medicine), fully qualifying in 1981. Wakefield became a fellow of the Royal College of Surgeons in 1985. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Andrew Wakefield」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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